Meraların Görünmeyen Yüzü: Kökler

Öz

Bitkiyi toprağa bağlayan kökler, bitki ile toprak arasındaki ilişkiyi kurarlar ve bitkilerin fotosentez yapabilmesi için gerekli su ve besin elementlerinin alımında aracı olurlar. Toprak altında bulundukları için fotosentez yapamazlar, bu nedenle ihtiyaç duydukları besin maddelerini (örneğin şeker) toprak üstü organlarından (fotosentez organları) temin ederler. Böylelikle toprak üstü ve toprak altı organları bitki mimarisinin birbirini destekleyen yapıtaşlarıdır. Bitkiler yaygın olarak saçak ve kazık sistemine sahiptirler. Saçak kökler meraların egemen türleri olan buğdaygillerin kök sistemidir. Bu kökler yoğun ve yüzeysel olarak dallanırlar ve yenilenme hızları yüksektir. Kazık kökler ise geniş yapraklı otlar ve odunsu bitkilerin kökleridir. Daha seyrek dağılırlar, ancak daha derine inerler. Kök sisteminin gelişimi çok sayıda faktör (toprak sıcaklığı, toprağın su ve besin elementi varlığı, pH, toprak canlıları, bitkinin fizyolojisi, otlanma, vb.) tarafından kontrol edilir. Otlanma bitkilerin fotosentez dokularını uzaklaştırdığı için kökler üzerinde doğrudan etkilidir. Özellikle devamlı ve ağır otlatma, köklerin büyüme, uzama, derinlik, çap, yüzey alanı gibi özellikleri üzerinde olumsuz etkiler yaratır. Bunun için dinlendirerek ya da klasik münavebeli otlatma (otlat – dinlendir) ile bitkilerin kendilerini toparlamalarına izin verecek yeterli dinlenme süresi bırakılmalı, bitkilerin yeniden büyümesinde önemli olan yedek besin maddeleri korunmalı, üretilen otun yarısı merada bırakılmalı ve bitki örtülerinin yapısına göre merada otlatmadan sonra en az 5-10 cm anız kalmasına dikkat edilmelidir. Zira köklerin sürgünlere göre çevre ve kullanma faktörlerine karşı daha duyarlı olduğu unutulmamalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kazık kök
• Köklerin işlevi
• Otlatma
• Saçak kök

The Invisible Face of Rangelands: Roots

Öz

Roots, which anchor plants to the soil, establish a connection between the plant and the soil and serve as intermediaries in the uptake of water and nutrients necessary for photosynthesis. Because they are underground, they cannot photosynthesize, so they obtain the nutrients they need (e.g. sugar) from above-ground organs (photosynthetic organs). Thus, above and below-ground organs are mutually supportive building blocks of plant architecture. Plants commonly have a fibrous and taproot system. Fibrous roots are the root system of grasses, the dominant species in grasslands. These roots are densely and superficially branched and have a high regeneration rate. Taproots are the roots of forbs and woody plants. They are less widely distributed but penetrate deeper. Root system development is controlled by numerous factors (soil temperature, soil water and nutrient availability, pH, soil organisms, plant physiology, grazing, etc.). Grazing has a direct impact on roots because it removes photosynthetic tissues from plants. Continuous and heavy grazing, in particular, has negative effects on root characteristics such as growth, extension, depth, diameter, and surface area. Therefore, sufficient rest periods should be allowed for plant recovery through resting or traditional rotational grazing (graze-rest), reserves crucial for plant regrowth should be preserved, half of the biomass produced should be left in the rangeland, care should be taken to leave at least 5-10 cm of stubble after grazing, depending on the nature of the vegetation. It's important to remember that roots are more sensitive to environmental and utilization factors than shoots.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Fibrous root
• Functions of the roots
• Grazing
• Taproot

Kaynakça

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