Article Preparation Rules
• Articles should be written in Turkish or English.
• Article text should be written in the MS-Word program.
• The text should be written on A4 paper (210 x 297 mm), with 1.5-line spacing, Times News Roman font and 12 font size, with page margins 2.5 cm each from left, right, bottom and top.
• There should be no spaces at the beginning of the line.
• One line space should be left between paragraphs.
• The text should be aligned on both sides.
• While preparing the text, the page number should be written on the bottom right except for the cover page; and line numbers should be provided on each page provided that they are restarted.
• Abbreviations to be used in the works should be given as accepted internationally.
• Abbreviations can be made for names that are frequently repeated in the text and are composed of many words, specific to the subject of the article. The name to be abbreviated should be written clearly where it is first used and its abbreviated form should be indicated in parentheses. Only the abbreviated form should be used for later use. Abbreviations should be avoided as much as possible in the title and abstract sections.
• A comma in the Turkish text and a dot in the English text should be used as the decimal separator for the rational numbers.
• When writing percent signs, no spaces are left between numbers and signs. Example: 25%
• Numerical expressions are given as words unless there is an obligation to start sentences. Example: 26 out of forty-five examples ………
• In the general use of the text, a space should be placed before the parenthesis.
• Distribution numbers are indicated in writing, not numbers.
• Numbers consisting of more than one word are written separately. Example: three hundred and sixtyfive
• All headings in the article should be written in bold letters, justified to the left. Headings and subheadings should be given without numbers. It should be as short as possible. In first level headings, the first letters of all words should be capitalized. Only the first letter of the first word of the second and third level headings should be capitalized; Third-level headings should be italicized. Fourth level headings should not be used
• Bold or double quotes (“) should not be used for the parts that need to be emphasized in the text, instead italic (italic) letters should be used.
• Latin words should be written in italics.
• The articles should be written in the "simple past passive form" if not necessity.
• All dimensions should be given according to SI (Systeme International).
• For statistical analyses, probability should be shown with a capitalized and italicized P, with a space after P (for example, P < 0.05).
• The number of pages should not be less than 5, excluding references, and not more than 12 (In articles with a wide scope, the number of pages can be increased after the approval of the editorial board)
• All images used in the text, such as photographs, pictures, graphics, maps, diagrams, drawings, etc. that cannot be written in typeface should be used with the figure name.
• Charts and figures, should be numbered according to the order of use; expressed in short titles. Table and figure titles should be placed at the top of the table and figure. The chart and figure numbers (plain and bold) are written first, justified to the left. Do not put a dot at the end. Headings should be placed on a separate line below the table and figure numbers. In the titles, the first letter of the first word should be capitalized and the rest should be written in italics, aligned to the left; bold letters should not be used. The total number of tables and figures should not exceed 10.
• Column headings inside the tables should be plain and only the first letter of the first word should be capitalized. The used abbreviations and necessary explanations should be given under the table and figure. The size of the charts can be reduced if necessary, but it should not be smaller than 9 points.
• There should be no vertical lines in the charts and as possible few horizontal lines should be used. While preparing the charts, the same or similar data should not be presented in more than one chart, and data that can be summarized in 1-2 sentences should not be put in the chart. It should be designed as not to exceed one page as much as possible.
• If any text is included in the figure, it is recommended to use a Sans Serif font with a size between 8 and 14 points. If extra information is required to make the data in the figure more understandable, this information should be added at the bottom of the figure.
• Tables and figures quoted from another source (not produced from the work done) should be referenced at the end of the table and figure title, and should be included in the bibliography list.
• The charts and figures used in the article should be cited in the text. Considering the page changes and shifts that may occur during typesetting while citing, instead of expressions such as “above/below” or “in the chart/figure on page X”, as in the example of “According to the data in Chart/Figure 2…” chart/figure numbers should be used.
• Footnotes should not be used in the text to refer to the source. In-text citation method should be used instead of footnotes.
• In the citations given at the end of the sentence, the period should be placed after the citation parenthesis.
Articles to be sent to the journal should consist of "Cover Page", "Main Text" and when necessary "Appendix" .
Cover page: The cover page should contain the title of the article, centered in order, and the information about the authors (authors should be written one after the other, the institution, e-mail address and ORCID number of each author should be specified below); The name and contact information of the author responsible for the correspondence should also be specified. Master's and doctoral students should indicate the university, institute and department where they received their postgraduate education. If the study was presented as a paper in a congress or symposium before, or if it was produced from the master's or doctoral thesis of one of the authors, it should be stated on this page.
Main Text: "Title", "Abstract", "Keywords", "Introduction", "Method", "Results", "Discussion", "Conclusion" and "References" sections must be present in original research articles based on scientific research. When necessary, the Results and Discussion sections can be combined (Resultss and Discussion). In review papers which contain new and up-to-date information about the field, that prepared using scientific resources, the subject is detailed after the "Introduction" section in main and sub-titles. The "Conclusion" section must be included in the review articles. The sources used in the review articles should mainly belong to the last 5 years.
Title: The title of article should be clear and understandable to express its subject; It should be written in 14 point size; It should not exceed 12 words. Only the first letter of the words should be capitalized. The entire title should be written in bold letters.
Abstract: For works prepared in Turkish, firstly the title and abstract in Turkish; then the English title and abstract of the article should be written. Works prepared in English do not have Turkish titles and abstracts. The fact that should be considered while preparing the abstract is to ensure that the reader can have a general idea about the content of the article by reading the summary. In research articles, the abstract should contain the necessary details (aim, materials and method, results and conclusion) and should reflect the study. The number of words in the Abstract section should not be less than 100 and should not exceed 200. Other sources should not be cited in the abstract.
Keywords: Keywords that can vary between 4-6 and are directly related to the study should be written one line under the Turkish and English abstracts. Keywords are important for the article to be easily found in search engines and to reach the target audience easily. Instead of the words in the title of the article, alternative words should be produced as much as possible, and they should be formed from words that complete the title. Synonyms or equivalents of words in the title can also be used as keywords. Keywords should be written in italics, lowercase (first letter of the first keyword capitalized) and separated by commas.
Introduction: The studies and publications related to the subject are examined by revealing the reason and importance of the study in this section. The “Introduction” section should indicate that there is a knowledge gap on the subject you are researching and that your article is an attempt to fill this knowledge gap. The "Introduction" section's major goal is to give the researcher general information about the topic or issue of the produced publication. While presenting this preliminary information, avoid overly detailed and unnecessary sentences. It should be noted that the "Introduction" part of the article should not be less than half a page and not more than one page. At the end of the introduction, the purpose of the study must be written.
Method: The method(s) used in the article, including statistical analyzes, should be given in detail, using sub-headings, if necessary, by citing appropriate references. For known and accepted methods, it may be sufficient to cite the source with a short explanation. It should be stated in the article whether Ethics Committee approval and/or legal/special permission is required. If it is necessary to obtain these permissions, the institution name, decision results, permission date, and permission number should be clearly presented.
Results: The data obtained in the research articles should be presented in a short, organized and understandable way. Table and figure data should not be repeated in the text, important points should be emphasized.
Discussion: The findings obtained in the study are compared with the findings of other studies, similarities and contradictions are interpreted, points that cannot be clarified are indicated. However, speculative comments should be avoided. In this section, the contribution of the study to science should be stated and the original parts of the study should be emphasized.
Conclusion: Conclusions based on the research and investigation data should be written clearly and concisely; the result should be consistent with the purpose of the study; suggestions, if any, should be stated. Other sources should not be cited.
Acknowledgements: Authors can state their acknowledgments to the supporting institutions and/or individuals who contributed to their studies in this section.
References
Since the 2023/JULY issue of AYDIN GASTRONOMY, APA 7 style has been used in the reference system and bibliography arrangement.
• All sources used should be written in alphabetical order according to the first letter of the first author's surname.
• Author names and publication year should be written in bold letters in the references list.
• A space should be used between the initials of the author's names. Example: Hafez, A. A.
• If there are many references by the same author in the reference list, the sources are listed in order from the past to the new date.
• All authors must be included in the bibliography for works with up to twenty authors. If there are 21 or more authors, include the names of the first19 authors in your reference list, followed by “…” and then the name of final author.
Example: Carpten, J. D., ... Weiva, S. (2016).
• Sources of the same author with the same date are sorted using a single letter.
Examples:
Lopesi, L. (2018a). Beyond ………
Lopesi, L. (2018b). False divides …………..
• If there are different authors in more than one work of the same author, the publication by the author alone is written first, regardless of the publication year. In others, alphabetical order is made according to the surname of the second author. If the second authors are the same, sorting is done according to the last name of the third author.
• For authors with the same surname, even if the publication is older, the first letter of the name is indicated first in the reference list that comes first in alphabetical order.
• If there is a hyphen in the author name, the hyphen should be left as it is.
• For example: Jean-Baptise Lamour, in the reference list Lamour, J.-B. (2018)…..
• If a group/legal person (associations, companies, government institutions, etc.) is expressed as the author, the name information of this group should be given clearly; No abbreviations should be made.
• • If an article is cited, the date of the volume issue, if a book is cited, the copyright date, if a website is cited, the copyright date or the date the content was last updated is used.In web documents (pdf, word, etc.), the date of creation or date of modification is written. If the date information is not available, the abbreviation (t.y.) should be written in Turkish studies, and in English studies (n.d.), meaning that there is no date in parentheses in the date part.
• Journal names should be written clearly without abbreviations.
• Use em dashes, not hyphens, for page ranges (to add em dashes in Microsoft Word, press the Control key and the “-“ sign on the numeric keypad). No spaces should be left before or after the hyphen. Example: 21–27.
• A URL must be included for resources you get from the Internet (excluding academic journal articles and books from a database). The URL should link directly to the specified page whenever possible. The link must be active for the reader to click on the resource online.
• In case of citing an online source, a direct link starting with http:// should be written instead of “DOI:” and “Access address
References should be written as follows:
a. If the source is an article published in a scientific journal
The surnames of the author(s), the first letters of their names, the year of publication, the title of the article, the full name of the journal in italics, the volume, the issue, and the starting and ending page numbers should be written. Journal volume number should be italicized but the issue number should be plain in parentheses. The page range is given by placing a comma after the issue number. It is not italicized and has a dot at the end. In some publications, the article number is given instead of the page range. In this case, the number of the article is written in the page range part. DOI or URL information, if any, is given at the end. The DOI address must be formatted as a URL.
Examples:
Hafez, A. A. (2012). Physico-chemical and sensory properties of cakes supplemented with different concentration of marjoram. Journal of Applied Sciences, 6(13), 463–470.
Bordin, K., Kunitake, M. T., Aracava, K. K., Trindade, C. S. F. (2013). Changes in food caused by deep fat frying- A review. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutricion, 63, 5–13.
Wan, J., Cao, A., Cai, L. (2019). Effects of vacuum or sous-vide cooking methods on the quality of large mouthbass (Micropterus salmodies). International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 18, 100181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgfs.2019.100181
Dilkes-Frayne, E., Savic, M., Carter, A., Kakanovic, R., Lubman, D. I. (2019). Going online: The affordances of online counseling for families affected by alcohol and other drug issues. Qualitative Health Research, 29(14), 2010–2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732319838231
Bostan, K., Ünver Alçay, A., Yalçın, S., Eren Vapur, U., Nizamlıoğlu, M. (2017). Identification and characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from traditional cone yoghurt. Food Science and Biotechnology, 26(6), 1625–1632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-017-0222-z
Prathikanti, S., Rivera, R., Cochran, A., Tungol, J. G., Fayazmanesh, N., Weinmann, E. (2017). Treating major depression with yoga: A prospective, randomized, controlled pilot trial. PLoS ONE, 12(3), e0173869. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173869
Erbil, S., Tümerdem, Y., Kıyak, M., Hacıoğlu, S. (2001). İstanbul Küçükçekmece ilçesinde fırınların hijyenik yönden değerlendirilmesi. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 58(3), 93–96. https://jag.journalagent.com/turkhijyen/pdfs/THDBD_58_3_93_96.pdf
In articles prepared in English, if the cited is made from an article whose original language is Turkish, the title of the article should be given in square brackets, with its English equivalent, if any.
Example:
Muştu, Ç. (2020). Yiyecek ve içecek işletmelerinde ozon uygulamaları [Ozone applications in the food beverage enterprises]. AYDIN GASTRONOMY, 4(1), 45–53
If there is no volume number, the issue is given in parentheses after the journal name.
Example:
Stegmeir, M. (2016). Climate change: New discipline practices promote college access. The Journal of College Admission, (231), 44–47.
b. If the source is a book
The surnames of the authors and the first letter of their names should be written. In the following, the year of publication of the book, the name of the book (with only the first letter capitalized and italicized except for special names), and the publisher or institution (first letters capitalized) should be specified. Just typing the publisher's name is sufficient, and no place of residence such as city, state or country is required.
Examples:
Lawless, H. T., Heymann, H. (2010). Sensory evaluation of food-principles and practice. Springer.
Jackson, S. L. (2015). Research methods: A modular approach (3rd ed.). Cengage.
Moses, J. W., Knutsen, T. L. (2019). Ways of knowing: Competing methodologies in social and political research (3rd ed.). Red Globe Press.
Toussaint-Samat, M. (2008). A history of food. Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444305135
When citing a book with an editor, it is written in parentheses (Ed.) after the author's name.
Timothy, D. J. (Ed.). (2018). Heritage cuisines: Traditions, identities and tourism. Routledge
If the source is a chapter from the book, after the name of the chapter authors, the name of the chapter, the name of the book from which the chapter is taken, if necessary, additional information (such as volume number, edition number, page range), publisher or institution should be written. Additional information that should be given after the title is written in parentheses. Do not put a period between the title and this additional information. Additional information and abbreviations should be in the language in which the article was written. In editorial book chapters, the name of the editor is written after the chapter name. When writing the names of the editors, the first letter of the name is written, followed by the surname. After the surname of the editör the abbreviated“Ed.” in parentheses should be written (In case of more than one editor, the abbreviation “Eds.” is used for articles written in English). In articles prepared in Turkish, after the title of the book “içinde”; In articles prepared in English, the word "In" is written before the title of the book (In edited books, the word "In" is written before the editor).
Examples:
Luck, S. J. (2014). A broad overview of the event-related potential technique. In An introduction to event related potential technique (2nd ed., pp.1–34). The MIT Press.
Li-Chan, E. C. Y., Kim, H. O. (2008). Structure and chemical composition of eggs. In Y. Mine (Ed.), Egg bioscience and biotechnology (pp. 1–96). John Wiley and Sons.
Hedberg, C. W. (2019). Epidemiology of foodborne illnesses. In M.P. Doyle, F. Diez-Gonzalez and C. Hill (Eds.), Food microbiology: Fundamentals and frontiers (pp. 207–224). ASM Press.
Sharma, R., Mehta, M., Dhawan, A. (2015). Treatment of substance-abusing adolescents. In M. Mehta, R. Sagar (Eds.), A practical approach to cognitive behaviour therapy for adolescents (pp. 331–361). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2241-5_16
If the source is translated book, the name of the translator is given right after the title of the article/book and in parentheses. When writing the names of the translators the first letter of the name is written, followed by the surname and comma. After the surname of the translator and comma, the abbreviated “ trans.” in parentheses should be written. If it is known in parentheses at the end of the citation in the translated books, the date of publication of the original work and the edition (in the language in which the article was written) are written. When it comes to chapters in the translated book, the order is; the surname of the chapter author of the original book, the first letter of the name of the chapter author, the year, the name of the chapter of the book, the initials of the editor's name, surname (Ed.), the first letter of the translator's name, surname (Trans.), the name of the book (issue number, page range) and publisher.
Example:
Pastoureau, M. (2018). Blue: The history of a color (M.I. Cruse, Trans.). Princeton University Press. (Original work published 2000)
E-books should also be listed in the same format as print books. Database information is not required for e-books. There is no need to specify the electronic format or device type. Publisher information must be added. If any, DOI or non-database URL information should be included. A direct link should be given without the phrase “Access address:”.
Examples:
Aron, L., Botella, M., Lubart, T. (2019). Culinary arts: Talent and their development. In R. F. Subotnik, P. Olszewski-Kubilius, F. C. Worrell (Eds.), The psychology of high performance: Developing human potential into domain-specific talent (pp. 345–359). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000120-016
Fiske, S. T., Gilbert, D. T., Lindzey, G. (2010). Handbook of social psychology (5th ed., Vol. 1). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470561119
Lessig, L. (2011). Republic, lost: How money corrupts – and a plan to stop it. Twelve. https://lesterland.lessig.org/pdf/republic-lost.pdf
c. If the source is a paper presented at a scientific meeting
The date of the meeting, the title of the paper (italic), the type of presentation (oral presentation, poster presentation, etc.), the name of the meeting, and the place of the meeting, respectively, are written after the surnames and initials of the authors. If available, the URL should be added.
Examples:
Bingöl, E. B., Bostan, K., Varlık, C. (2014, October 29-30). Effects of chitosan treatment and antimelanogenesis agents on discoloriation of chilled and frozen stored shrimp (Parapenaus longirostris) [Poster presentation]. Food Analysis Congress, Barcelona, Spain.
Mason, I., Missingham, R. (2019, October 21–25). Research libraries, data curation, and workflows [Paper presentation]. eResearch Australasia Conference, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. https://bit.ly/2v1CjRg
Craig, S. (2019, April 10–14). The cultural importance of obsidian in the upper Gila area [Poster presentation]. Society for American Archaeology, Albuquerque, NM, United States. https://www.archaeologysouthwest.org/free-resources/conference-posters/
If the paper is published in a journal, it should be shown as an article in the bibliography. If it is published as an edited book chapter, the bibliography should be the same as the editorial book chapters.
Duckworth, A. L., Quirk, A., Gallop, R., Hoyle, R. H., Kelly, D. R., Matthews, M. D. (2019). Cognitive and noncognitive predictors of success. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 116(47), 23499–23504. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1910510116
Bedenel, A.-L., Jourdan, L., Biernacki, C. (2019). Probability estimation by an adapted genetic algorithm in web insurance. In R. Battiti, M. Brunato, I. Kotsireas and P. Pardalos (Eds.), Learning and Intelligent Optimization (pp. 225–240). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05348-2_2
Yılmaz, H., Yalçın, E., Demiral, Y. M. (2017, December 7-9). The effects of music on restaurant custumers: A descriptive study. In B. Öztürk, T. Bucak (Eds.), 3rd International Gastronomic Turism Congress Proceedings Book (pp. 124–139). İzfaş.
Edge, M. (1996). Lifetime prediction: Fact or fancy? In M. S. Koch, T. Padfield, J. S. Johnsen, U. B. Kejser (Eds.), Proceedings of the Conference on Research Techniques in Photographic Conservation (pp. 97-100). Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts.
d. If the reference is a thesis
Unpublished theses (one you got directly from the author or university in print form): The surname and first letter of the author of the thesis, the year, the title of the thesis (only the first letter is capitalized, italicized), the type of the thesis [Master’s thesis or doctoral dissertation], university (without abbreviation, first letters are capitalized) are written in order.
Examples:
Stewart, Y. (2000). Dressing the tarot [Unpublished master's thesis]. Auckland University of Technology.
Lim, A. L. (2020). Spatial cognitive implications of user interfaces in virtual reality and route guidance [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Iowa State University.
When citing a thesis in a database, the surname and first letter of the author's name, year, the title of the thesis (only the first letter is capitalized, italic), the publication number (in parentheses), the type of the thesis and the university (in square brackets), the name of the database should be written, respectively. No URL or DOI included.
Examples:
Ford, L. (2015). The use of experiential acceptance in psychotherapy with emerging adults (Publication No. 3731118) [Doctoral dissertation, Pepperdine University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
The format is different for citing a thesis published in a university archive or on a personal website (usually in PDF format). The publication number is not included. Published place or archive name, access address (URL) is added
Behrens, B. (2020). Linguistic markers of maternal focus within emotional conversations: The role of depressive symptoms and maltreatment [Master’s thesis, University of Notre Dame]. CurateND. https://curate.nd.edu/show/9k41zc80w8w
Miller, T. (2019). Enhancing readiness: An exploration of the New Zealand Qualified Firefighter Programme [Master's thesis, Auckland University of Technology]. Tuwhera. https://openrepository.aut.ac.nz/handle/10292/12338
Zambrano-Vazquez, L. (2016). The interaction of state and trait worry on response monitoring in those with worry and obsessive-compulsive symptoms [Doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona]. UA Campus Repository. https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/620615
e. If the reference is a website
The surnames of the authors and the first letters of their names (If the name of the author is not available, the name of the website or source) are written. Then, the year, the name of the article (italic), the internet (web) address and access address (URL) are indicated respectively. The same sequence is followed in web documents such as Pdf and Word. When the author and the website are the same, the name of the website is not written.
Examples:
Monaghan, E. (2019, December 10). 5 reasons modern slavery at sea is still possible in 2019. Greenpeace. https://www.greenpeace.org/new-zealand/story/5-reasons-modern-slavery-at-sea-is-still-possible-in-2019/
Sparks, D. (2019, November 21). Women's wellness: Lifestyle strategies ease some bladder control problems. Mayo Clinic. https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/womens-wellness-lifestyle-strategies-ease-some-bladder-control-problems/
National Institute of Mental Health. (2023, April). Anxiety disorders. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtml
World Health Organization. (2020, July 29). Brucellosis. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/brucellosis
New Zealand Medicines and Medical Devices Safety Authority. (2014, May 28). Important changes to the definition of medicines and medical devices effective 1 July 2014. Ministry of Health. https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/Medicines/policy-statements/definition-of-med.asp
In the case of web pages whose content is likely to change over time and which are frequently updated, the citation date should be added according to the format below.
(Retrieved ……………., from https://..........).
World Health Organization. (2020). Coronavirus. https://www.who.int/healthtopics/coronavirus#tab=tab_1 adresinden 2 Eylül 2020 tarihinde alınmıştır.
U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.). U.S. and world population clock. U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved January 9, 2020, from https://www.census.gov/popclock/
Fagan, J. (2019, March 25). Nursing clinical brain. OER Commons. Retrieved January 7, 2020, from https://www.oercommons.org/authoring/53029-nursing-clinical-brain/view
In the sources that do not have an author (person or institution), the title of the article is written in the author part.
Whales likely impacted by Great Pacific garbage patch. (2019, April 10). The Ocean Cleanup. https://www.theoceancleanup.com/updates/whales-likely-impacted-by-great-pacific-garbage-patch/
If a date is not specified on the web page, it is considered undated
Scribbr. (n.d.). Academic proofreading & editing service. https://www.scribbr.com/proofreading-editing/
f. If the source is an article published in a newspaper, magazine etc.
Author (surname and initials), year and month (in parentheses), article title (only the first letter is capitalized), name of the newspaper/journal (italic), volume number (italic), page number (without adding such attachments like “p.”). When citing online news articles, a link should be given after the name of the journal. If the author is not known, the article title is written instead of the author.
Examples:
Harlan, C. (2013, 2 Nisan). North Korea vows to restart shuttered nuclearreactor that can make bomb grade plutonium. The Washington Post, A1, A4.
McIlroy, T. (2021, March 24). Medical device research gets big funding jab. The Australian Financial Review, 8.
Krystal, B. (2023, 9 Mart). A soda bread with currants and caraway pairs with tea and savory foods. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/food/2023/03/08/irish-soda-bread-recipe-american/
Johanson, S. (2019, November 13). World’s most sustainable shopping centre takes roots. The Sydney Morning Herald. https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/world-s-most-sustainable-shopping-centre-takes-root-in-the-suburbs-20191112-p539rf.html
Bilger, B. (2019, 25 Kasım). Can babies learn to love vegetables? The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/11/25/can-babies-learn-to-love-vegetables
Eaqub, S. (2019, October/September). Generation rent revisited. Metro, (425), 64–77.
Henry, W. A. (1990, 9 Nisan). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28–31.
Stobbe, M. (2020, January 8). Cancer death rate in U.S. sees largest one-year drop ever. Chicago Tribune.
Mogelson, L. (2021, January 25). The storm. The New Yorker, 5–12.
Free exchange: Regression to the memes. (2021, February 27). The Economist, 438(9234), 69.
f. Other
Laws, regulations, etc. published in the Official Gazette. official documents: Title, date (year, day, month), Official Gazette (Number: xxx) and internet address are written in order.
Lisansüstü Eğitim ve Öğretim Yönetmeliği. (2016, 20 Nisan). Resmi Gazete (Sayı: 29690). http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/04/20160420-16.htm
The book format is used to write the figures and tables cited in the article in the reference list of the source. The author's surname, the first letter of the name, year, title of figure or table, type (in square brackets; figure or table), name of the source, and publisher should be written respectively.
Kaplan, R. S., Norton, D. P. (2004). Internal processes deliver value over different time horizons [Figure]. In Strategy maps: Converting intangible assets into tangible outcomes (p. 48). Harvard Business School.
Making a Reference Within a Text
Every cited work should be included in the bibliography, and every work in the bibliography should be cited in the text (or in a chart, figure, or appendix).
In-text citation; It can be done in two different ways, as a parenthesis quote or a narrative quote. In quotations in parentheses, the author's name and publication date are in parentheses. Example: ...reported (Barham, 2018). In narrative quotations, the author's name is included as part of the sentence, and the year is written in parentheses.
Example:
In the study carried out by Barham (2018) ……
According to Barham (2018) ……
Very rarely, both the surname of the author and the date can be used without parentheses and as part of the text. An example of the study carried out by Soysal in 2008 can be shown on the subject.
If there is a general reference in the text and reference is made to the whole text, it is sufficient to refer to the surname of the author and the year. If a reference is to be made to a certain section, page or a certain figure, chart or equation in a resource, the number of the page in question (with a hyphen in the following pages, with a comma for different pages) is indicated in the reference.
Example:
…… (Soysal, 2018, p. 42).
..…. (Soysal, 2018, pp. 42–48).
…… (Soysal, 2018, pp. 42,44).
Soysal (2018) …………. (p . 42).
Sometimes the paragraph number can be used instead of the line number when citing in the text because it does not include page numbers (E-books etc.).
Example:
…………………. (Burns, 2018, para. 15).
If a source with two authors is specified in the text, the surnames of both authors are indicated each time. In texts, "&" is used between the names of authors with two authors in parenthetical citation, and "and" in narrative citation.
Example:
Vollrath and Torgersen (2022) …..
…….. (Vollrath & Torgersen, 2022).
For a reference with three or more authors, the surname of the first author and the abbreviation “et al.” must be added in all references from the first citation.
Example:
Soysal et al. (2018) ….
…. (Sosyal et al., 2018).
In the case of two authors with the same surname, their initials are added before the surname. In narrative quotations, the name of the author is also written.
Example:
…. (A. Smith, 2020).
…… (B. Smith, 2019).
Alexandra Smith (2020) ….
Brian Smith (2019) ……
If there are two different authors with the same surname and first letter, reference should be made to the names and surnames of the authors.
Example: (Gözde Soysal, 1996), …(Güleda Soysal, 2010).
In this case, the names of the authors should be given in square brackets in the bibliography.
Example: Soysal, G. [Gözde]. (1996). ...; Soysal, G. [Güleda]. (2010). ...)
If different studies by the same author are to be given in the same parenthesis, the order of the year from past to current is followed and the surname of the author is written once at the beginning of the submission.
Example: (Soysal, 2000, 2004).
If the same author(s) have publications in the same year, each should be marked with lowercase letters, starting with the letter "a".
Example: …. (Barham, 2009a; Barham, 2009b).
If a particular work is cited in a paragraph and it is necessary to mention this work again in the same paragraph, it is sufficient to give the surname of the author, there is no need to add the date information. However, this rule does not apply to citations where the author's name and the year information are in parentheses. In case of citing more than one source (in parentheses), first alphabetically and then chronologically, a semicolon should be placed between them.
Examples: ...reported (Barham, 2005; Barham, 2006; Brownell & Horgen, 2009; Doyle et al., 2015; Nielsen & Engberg, 2006).
Information based on personal conversations, over the phone, face-to-face, or otherwise, is shown in the text, but not in the bibliography.
Example:
Aslı Baysal told ………………………… (personal interview, 22 May 2021).
Aslı Baysal (personal interview, 22 May 2021) told ………………….
……………………………………. (Aslı Baysal, personal interview, 22 May 2021).
Instead of citing a secondary source, it is preferable to locate, read, and quote directly from the primary source (original) whenever possible. Only exceptional situations, such as when the original (primary) source is out of print, cannot be acquired from reliable sources, and the original language is not Turkish or English, should secondary sources be used. The primary source is not listed in the source list, but the secondary source is, along with all the citation details. The secondary source is identified "as cited in". The primary source's year should not be included in the in-text reference if it is unknown.
Example:
Allport's diary (cited by Nicholson, 2020)
Seidenberg and McClelland's study, conducted in 1990 (as cited in Coltheart, 2022), shows that ...
... as some studies show (Seidenberg & McClelland, 1990, as cited in Coltheart, 2022).
Graeber (2019, as cited in Churcher & Talbot, 2020, p. 31) argued that the employee is 'obliged to pretend that this is not the case' as part of their 'conditions of employment'
If a group or legal entity—such as a company, an association, a government agency, or another working group—is identified as the author, its name should be stated in full each time it is mentioned in the text, without an abbreviation. If the group name is long, if the abbreviation is clear to everyone, or if there is an abbreviation for the name already known, both the clear form and the abbreviation can be used in the first use, and only the abbreviation can be used in subsequent uses. If the name is short or the abbreviation seems difficult to understand, it should be written without the abbreviation whenever it is mentioned.
Example:
If the reference is made at the end of the sentence;
First reference: ……… (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey [TÜBİTAK], 2023).
Second and subsequent submissions:
…… is (TÜBİTAK, 2023)
First time: (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], 2009)
Subsequent citations: (AIHW, 2009)
If the reference is made in a sentence (narrative);
First submission: by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK, 2023)….…..
Second and subsequent references: by TÜBİTAK (2023) ……..
First time: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW, 2009)
Subsequent citations: AIHW (2009)
If a website is mentioned in general, it is not included in the reference list; In the text, the name of the Web Site and the access address (URL) in parentheses are written.
Example: This survey was created using SurveyMonkey (https://www.surveymonkey.com).
When citing sources with no author or unknown author in the text, the title of the source (as short as possible) should be written in quotation marks.
Example:
…. (“Whales likely”, 2019).
“Whales likely” (2019) ………
For references whose date information cannot be accessed, the abbreviation (n.d.) should be written in the date section for studies.
Example:
..…… (Scribbr, n.d.) or Scribbr (n.d.) ……..
Paraphrasing is the process of restating someone else's ideas in our own words. It is an advantageous approach when synthesizing, summarizing, or comparing information from one or more sources is possible. For this reason, Paraphrasing rather than direct quotation is frequently utilized. When paraphrasing, the source might be mentioned either narratively or in parenthesis. To quote is simply to take a passage from another work or source and quote it exactly. Although paraphrasing is typically advised for better text integration, quoting can also be useful in situations where the same words must be used, such as definitions or catchy statements. In-text citations should always include the page number and be contained in quotation marks when they are used directly. If the quoted section exceeds 40 words, it should be written as a block quote. Double quotes should not be used in a block quote, a tab (1.27 cm) should be quoted with an additional indentation.
Example
Because “The amount of lignin in the cell wall is too high, the active substances are difficult to extract in this type of cells” (Yılmaz et al., 2022, p. 327).
Effective teams can be difficult to describe because “high performance along one domain does not translate to high performance along another” (Ervin et al., 2018, p. 470).
Taleb (2012) notes that complex technologies can lead to cost overruns and problems:
Yet people want more data to “solve problems.” I once testified in Congress against a project to fund a crisis forecasting project. The people involved were blind to the paradox that we have never had more data than we have now, yet have less predictability than ever. (p. 307)
For classical works whose publication year is not known exactly, 'trans.' along with the abbreviation year of translation or 'vers.' the year of the version (version) used together with the abbreviation should be given. If the original date of the classical work is known, it is also used in reference. (Aristotle, trans. 1931) (Balzac, 1836, trans. 1941)
July 10, 2025
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